Деметра: Разлика между версии
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Ред 1:
{{Олимпийски богове}}
[[Image:Eleusis2.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Деметра (в ляво) дава житните семена на [[Триптолем]], [[Персефона]] с факла (в дясно); релеф от светилището на Деметра в [[Елевзина]], V в. пр. Хр.]]
'''Деметра''' ([[гръцки език|гр.]] Δημήτηρ) е [[Древногръцка митология|гръцката]] [[бог]]иня на земеделието и на зараждащия се живот, пазителката на брака и на свещения съюз. Тя е наричана "носителка на сезоните" в [[Омир]]овия епос, важен белег, че е била почитана дълго преди [[Олимпийски богове|Олимпийските богове]]. Тя е дъщеря на [[Кронос]] и [[Рея]] и майка на [[Персефона]], която по-късно става жена на [[Хадес]]. В късната античност култът към Деметра се смесва с този на [[Кибела]]. Древните гърци виждали Деметра в съзвездието Дева. Именно Деметра научила хората на земеделие. Тя дала на [[Триптолем]] семена [[пшеница]], който ги разпръснал по целия свят и научил хората на земеделие.
В нейна чест се извършвали [[Елевзински мистерии|Елевзинските мистерии]].
В Римската митология е позната като [[Церера (митология)|Церера]].
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== Имена ==
В различните контексти Деметра е наричана с различни епитети:
*'''Понтия''' ("повелителка") в Омировия химн за Деметра'
*'''Клое''' ("the green shoot", Паусаний 1.22.3), for her powers of fertility and eternal youth
*'''Анесидора''' ("даваща дарове" from the earth Паусаний 1.31.4), as Demeter
*'''Malophoros''' ("даряваща ябълки" или "даряваща добитък" Pausanias 1.44.3)
*'''Кидария''' (Паусаний 8.13.3),
*'''Chthonia''' ("in the ground" Паусаний 3.14.5)
*'''Erinys''' ("непреклонна," Паусаний 8.25.50)
*'''Лусия''' ("къпеща", Паусаний 8.25.8)
*'''Термасия''' ("сърдечна," Паусаний 2.34.6)
*'''[[Cabiri|Kabeiraia]]''', a pre-Greek name of uncertain meaning
*'''Тесмофора''' ("giver of customs" or even "legislator"), a role that links her to the even more ancient goddess [[Themis]]. This title was connected with the [[Thesmophoria]], a festival of secret women-only rituals in [[History of Athens|Athens]] connected with marriage customs.
Култът към Деметра не е състредоточен само в някой части на древна Елада: тя е била почитана в Крит, Мегара, Коринт, Месембрия, Самотраки, Ена, Сицилия, Hermion, Celeae, Lerna, Aegila, Munychia, Delos, Priene, Akragas, Iasos, Pergamon, Selinus, Tegea, Thorikos, Dion, Lykosoura.
She was associated with the [[Roman mythology|Roman]] goddess [[Ceres (god)|Ceres]]. When Demeter was given a genealogy, she was the daughter of [[Cronos]] and Rhea, and therefore the elder sister of [[Zeus]]. Her priestesses were addressed with the title [[Melissa]].
Demeter taught mankind the arts of agriculture: sowing seeds, ploughing, harvesting, etc. She was especially popular with rural folk, partly because they most benefited directly from her assistance, and partly because rural folk are more conservative about keeping to the old ways. Demeter herself was central to the older religion of Greece. Relics unique to her cult, such as votive clay pigs, were being fashioned in the Neolithic. In Roman times, a sow was still sacrificed to Ceres following a death in the family, to purify the household.
== Demeter and Poseidon ==
Demeter and [[Poseidon]]'s names are linked in the earliest scratched notes in [[Linear B]] found at Mycenaean [[Pylos]], where they appear as PO-SE-DA-WO-NE and DA-MA-TE in the context of sacralized lot-casting. The 'DA' element in each of their names is seemingly connected to an [[Indo-European]] root relating to distribution of land and honors (compare Latin ''dare'' "to give"). Poseidon (his name seems to signify "consort of the distributor") once pursued Demeter, in her archaic form as a mare-goddess. She resisted Poseidon, but she could not disguise her divinity among the horses of King Onkios. Poseidon became a stallion and covered her. Demeter was literally furious ("Demeter Erinys") at the assault, but washed away her anger in the River [[Ladon]] ("Demeter Lousia"). She bore to Poseidon a [[Persephone|Daughter]], whose name might not be uttered outside the [[Eleusinian Mysteries]], and a steed named Arion, with a black mane. In Arcadia, Demeter was worshiped as a horse-headed deity into historical times.
''Disagreement:''
The etymology of "Demeter" is well attested as "Deus Mater", or ''Divine Mother'' or ''God Mother''. The root "De" is the same as found in "Zeus", "Deus", and "Theos", all of which are cognates. The "-us" suffix may denote masculine gender, as with the translation of "Yeshua" into Greek as "Ieso''us''", or with Odysse''us'' and Achille''us'', etc.
== Demeter and Persephone ==
The central myth of Demeter, which is at the heart of the [[Eleusinian Mysteries]] is her relationship with [[Persephone]], her daughter and own younger self. In the Olympian pantheon, Persephone became the consort of [[Hades]] (Roman [[Plutus]], the underworld god of wealth). Persephone became the goddess of the underworld when Hades abducted her from the earth and brought her into the underworld. She had been playing with some [[nymph]]s (or [[Leucippe]]) whom Demeter changed into the [[Siren|Sirens]] as punishment for not having interfered. Life came to a standstill as the depressed Demeter (goddess of the earth) searched for her lost daughter (resting on the stone, [[Agelasta]]). Finally, Zeus could not put up with the dying earth and forced Hades to return Persephone by sending [[Hermes]] to retrieve her. But before she was released, Hades tricked her into eating six [[pomegranate]] seeds, which forced her to return six months each year. When Demeter and her daughter were together, the earth flourished with vegetation. But for six months each year, when Persephone returned to the underworld, the earth once again became a barren realm. The six months when the earth is barren are the summer months, since in Greece this is when all vegitation dies from heat and lack of rainfall. The winter by comparison has heavy rainfall and mild temperatures in which plant life flourishes. It was during her trip to retrieve Persephone from the underworld that she revealed the Eleusinian Mysteries. In an alternate version, [[Hecate]] rescued Persephone.
While Demeter was searching for her daughter, having taken the form of an old woman called [[Doso]], she received a hospitable welcome from [[Celeus]], the King of [[Eleusis]] in [[Attica, Greece|Attica]] (and also [[Phytalus]]). He asked her to nurse [[Demophon]] and [[Triptolemus]], his sons by [[Metanira]]. As a gift to Celeus, because of his hospitality, Demeter planned to make Demophon immortal by burning his mortal spirit away in the family hearth every night. She was unable to complete the ritual because Metanira walked in on her one night. Instead, Demeter chose to teach Triptolemus the art of agriculture; from him the rest of [[Greece]] learned to plant and reap crops. He flew across the land on a winged chariot while Demeter and Persephone cared for him, and helped him complete his mission of educating the whole of Greece on the art of agriculture.
Later, Triptolemus taught [[Lyncus]], King of the [[Scythia]]ns the arts of agriculture but he refused to teach it to his people and then tried to kill Triptolemus. Demeter turned him into a [[lynx (cat)|lynx]].
Demeter was usually portrayed on a chariot, and frequently associated with images of the harvest, including flowers, fruit, and grain. She was also sometimes pictured with Persephone.
Demeter is not generally portrayed with a consort: the exception is [[Iasion]], the youth of Crete who lay with Demeter in a thrice-ploughed field, and was sacrificed afterwards— by a jealous Zeus with a thunderbolt, Olympian mythography adds, but the Cretan site of the myth is a sign that the Hellenes knew this was an act of the ancient Demeter.
Demeter placed [[Aethon]], the god of famine, in [[Erysichthon]]'s gut, making him permanently famished. This was a punishment for cutting down trees in a sacred grove.
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===Вижте също===
* [[Родословно дърво на гръцки богове]]
{{гръцка митология-мъниче}}
[[Категория: Древногръцки богове]]
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