Реформи на Ататюрк: Разлика между версии
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Ред 182:
В учебниците по история идеята за абсолютна монархия е заместена от идеологията на либерализма, изучават се трудовете за републиката на [[Жан-Жак Русо]] и [[Монтескьо]].
** отмяна на ''ашар'' (стар селскостопански данък);
** насърчаване на частната инициатива в селското стопанство;
** приемане на Закона за промишлеността и създаването на промишлени предприятия;
** приемане на 1-ви и 2-ри план за развитието на промишлеността (1933 – 37 година), строителството на пътища в цялата страна.
<!-- == Economic reforms ==
{{See also|Economic history of Turkey|Economy of Turkey}}
{{multiple image
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| header = Symbols of Economic Achievements
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|image1=Mustafa Kemal establishment of model farms.ogg
|caption1=[[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Atatürk Orman Çiftliği]] was a model for modern farming methodologies.
|image2=Türkiye İş Bankası logo.svg
|caption2=[[Türkiye İş Bankası]] (1924) was the first Turkish bank established with solely national resources.
|image3=Mustafa Kemal surveying the model of the quarter of Ministries.jpg
|caption3=The government-subsidized industrial textile complex of [[Sümerbank]], 1935.
}}
The pursuit of state-controlled economic policies by Atatürk and [[İsmet İnönü]] was guided by a national vision: they wanted to knit the country together, eliminate foreign control of the economy, and improve communications. Constantinople, a trading port with international foreign enterprises, was abandoned and resources were channeled to other, less-developed cities, in order to establish a more balanced development throughout the country.<ref name=mango470>Mango, ''Atatürk'', 470</ref>
=== Agriculture ===
==== Land reform ====
{{See also|Land reform}}
[[Agha (Ottoman Empire)]] is the title given to tribal chieftains, either supreme chieftains, or to village heads, who were wealthy landlords and owners of major real estates in the urban centers, although these landlords are usually with heavy tribal relations.
Throughout the mid‐1930s through the mid‐1940s, culminating in the reform Law of 1945. Implementation results, the troubles met at implementations of Law No 4753 Getting Farmer to be Landowner (1945), law that implement agrarian reform in Turkey and the works of the implementing institution General Directorate of Agrarian Reform was not effect full. However, attempts to reform the Ottoman system of [[Agha (Ottoman Empire)|feudalism]] ({{lang-tr|Ağalık}}) were less well received. Partly because the ideas behind this land reform was not adequately understood, and there were a number of controversial and often contradictory interpretations.
==== Establishing model farms ====
The [[Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (Turkey)|Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock]] was established in 1924. The ministry promoted farming through establishing [[model farm]]s. One of these farms later became a public recreational area to serve the capital, known as the [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo]].
=== Industry ===
The development of industry was promoted by strategies such as import substitution and the founding of state enterprises and state banks.<ref name="science"/>
Economic reforms included the establishment of many state-owned factories throughout the country for the agriculture, machine making and textile industries.
Many of these grew into successful enterprises and were [[Privatization|privatized]] during the latter part of 20th century.
==== Nationalization ====
[[Turkish tobacco]] was an important industrial crop, while its cultivation and manufacture were French monopolies under [[capitulations of the Ottoman Empire]]. The tobacco and cigarette trade was controlled by two French companies: the "[[Regie Company]]" and "[[Narquileh tobacco]]."<ref>Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'', 232–233.</ref> The Ottoman Empire gave the tobacco monopoly to the [[Ottoman Bank]] as a limited company under the "[[Ottoman Public Debt Administration|Council of the Public Debt]]". Regie, as part of the Council of the Public Debt, had control over production, storing, and distribution (including export) with an unchallenged price control. Turkish farmers were dependent on the Regie for their livelihood.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/2003/01/30/16340.htm|title=Tütün, İçki ve Tekel|language=Turkish|date=29 January 2003|accessdate=10 October 2007|last=Aysu|first=Abdullah|publisher=BİA Haber Merkezi}}</ref> In 1925, this company was taken over by the state and named "[[Tekel]]".
The development of a national [[Rail transport|rail network]] as another important step for industrialization. The railway network was operated by foreign companies. The State Railways of the Republic of Turkey ([[Turkish State Railways]]) was formed on May 31, 1927. TCDD took over the [[Chemin de fer d'Anatolie-Baghdad]] (Anatolian Railway (CFOA)). on June 1, 1927 had control over the tracks of the former Anatolian Railway (CFOA) and the Transcaucasus Railway line in Turkish borders. This institution developed an extensive railway network in a very short time. In 1927, the integration of road construction goals into development plans. The road network consisted of 13,885 km of ruined surface roads, 4.450 km of stabilized roads, and 94 bridges. In 1935, a new entity was established under the government called "Sose ve Kopruler Reisligi" which would drive development of new roads after World War II. However, in 1937, the 22,000 km of roads in Turkey augmented the railways.
=== Finance ===
==== Establishing the banking system ====
In 1924, the first Turkish bank [[İş Bankası]] was established. The bank's creation was a response to the growing need for a truly national establishment and the birth of a banking system which was capable of backing up economic activities, managing funds accumulated as a result of policies providing savings incentives and, where necessary, extending resources which could trigger industrial impetus.
In 1931, the [[Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]] was realized. The bank's primary purpose was to have control over the exchange rate, and [[Ottoman Bank]]'s role during its initial years as a central bank was phased out. Later specialized banks such as the [[Sümerbank]] (1932) and the [[Etibank]] (1935) were founded.
==== International debt/capitulations ====
{{see also|Ottoman Public Debt Administration|Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire}}
The [[Ottoman Public Debt Administration]] (OPDA) was a European-controlled organization that was established in 1881 to collect the payments which the Ottoman Empire owed to European companies in the [[Ottoman public debt]]. The OPDA became a vast, essentially independent bureaucracy within the Ottoman bureaucracy, run by the creditors. It employed 5,000 officials who collected taxes that were then turned over to the European creditors.<ref>Donald Quataert, ''"The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922"'' (published in 2000.)</ref> [[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[ahdname]]s) were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were entered into by each contracting party towards the other, not mere concessions, grants made by successive [[Ottoman Dynasty|Sultans]] to [[Christendom|Christian nation]]s, conferring rights and privileges in favor of their subjects (Christians/Minorities) resident or trading in the Ottoman dominions, to establish the policy towards European states.
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire removed by the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] (1923), specifically by Article 28. During the Paris Conference of 1925, Reformer's paid 62% of the Ottoman Empire's pre-1912 debt, and 77% of the Ottoman Empire's post-1912 debt. With the Paris Treaty of 1933, Turkey decreased this amount to its favor and agreed to pay 84.6 million liras out of the remaining total of 161.3 million liras of Ottoman debt. The last payment of the Ottoman debt was made by Turkey on 25 May 1954.
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== Източници ==
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