Хексамилион: Разлика между версии
Изтрито е съдържание Добавено е съдържание
м Пелопонеск |
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Ред 12:
| селище = [[Коринт]]
| вид = [[фортификация]]
| период = IV
| епоха = [[Средновековие]]
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'''Стената Хексамилион''' ({{Lang-el|Εξαμίλιον τείχος}} "шест мили стена") е [[Фортификация|отбранително съоръжение]], изградено през [[Коринтски провлак|Коринтския провлак]] за охрана на единствения сухоземен маршрут към [[Пелопонес
== История ==
=== Ранни укрепления ===
''Хексамилион'' е резултат от дълга серия от опити за укрепване на провлака, датиращи от [[Микенска цивилизация|Микенския период]].<ref>Broneer, O. (Hesperia 35 (1966), p. 346-362). “The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and Its Bearing on Late Bronze Age Chronology.”</ref><ref>Wiseman, J. R. (Göteborg 1978). The Land of the Ancient Corinthians. (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 50).</ref> По-късно, когато [[Ксеркс I|Ксеркс]] нахлува през 480 г. пр. хр, много от пелопонеските градове предлагат да се отстъпи в укрепения провлак, вместо да се завардват [[Термопили
=== Хексамилион ===
Line 35 ⟶ 34:
== Допълнителна литература ==
* Barker, J. W. (New Brunswick, NJ 1969). Manuel II Paleologus (1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship.
* Clement, P. A. (Thessaloniki 1977) “The Date of the Hexamilion” in Essays in Memory of Basil Laourdas.
* Fowden, G. (JRA 8 (1995), p. 549-567). “Late Roman Achaea: Identity and Defense.”
* Hohlfelder, R. (GRBS 18 (1977), p. 173-179). "Trans-Isthmian Walls in the Age of Justinian."
* Jenkins, R. J. H. and H. Megaw. (BSA 32 (1931/1932) p. 68-89). “Researches at Isthmia.”
* Johnson, S. (London 1983). Late Roman Fortifications.
* Lawrence, A. W. (BSA 78 (1983), p. 171-233). “A Skeletal History of Byzantine Fortification.”
* Leake, W. M. (London 1830). Travels in the Morea.
* Monceaux, P. (Gazette archéologique (1884), p. 273-285, 354-363). “Fouilles et recherches archéologiques au sanctuaire des Jeux Isthmiques.”
* Monceaux, P. (Gazette archéologique (1885), p. 205-214). “Fouilles et recherches archéologiques au sanctuaire des Jeux Isthmiques.”
* Pringle, D. (Oxford 1981). The Defense of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest. (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 99).
* Stroud, R. (Hesperia 40 (1971), p. 127-145). “An Ancient Fort on Mount Oneion.”
* Winter, F. E. (London 1971). Greek Fortifications.
* Wiseman, J. R. (Hesperia 32 (1963), p. 248-275). “A Trans-Isthmian Fortification Wall.” Secondary sources on transisthmian fortifications
* Bodnar, E. W. (AJA 64 (1960), p. 165-172). “The Isthmian Fortifications in Oracular Prophecy.”
* Broneer, O. (Hesperia 37 (1968), p. 25-35). “The Cyclopean Wall on the Isthmus of Corinth, Addendum.”
* Caraher, W. R. and T. E. Gregory. (Hesperia 75.3 (2006), p. 327-356). “Fortifications of Mount Oneion, Corinthia.”
* Chrysoula, P. K. (AAA 4 (1971), p. 85-89). “The Isthmian Wall.”
* Dodwell, E. (London 1819). A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece II
* Fimmen, E. (RE IX (1916), cols. 2256–2265). “Isthmos.”
* Hope-Simpson, R. (London 1965). Gazetteer and Atlas of Mycenaean Sites.
* Jansen, A. g. (Lewiston, NY 2002). A Study of the Remains of Mycenaean Roads and Stations of Bronze-Age Greece.
* Lawrence, A. W. (Oxford 1979). Greek Aims in Fortification.
* Vermeule, E. T. (Chicago 1972). Greece in the Bronze Age.
* Wheler, G. (London 1682). A Journey into Greece.
* Wiseman, J. R. (diss. University of Chicago 1966). Corinthian Trans-Isthmian Walls and the Defense of the Peloponnesos.
== Източници ==
<references />
* Zosimus, Historia nova 1.29 (253-260 CE), 5.6 (396 CE).
* Procopius, De aedificiis 4.2.27-28 (548-560 CE). IG IV.204 (548-560 BCE). G. Sphrantzes, Chronicon minus (p. 4, Grecu) (1415 CE), (p. 16, Grecu) (1423 CE), (p. 50, Grecu) (1431 CE), (p. 52, Grecu) (1435 CE), (p. 66, Grecu) (1444 CE), (p. 128, ed. Grecu) (1462).
* Laonikos Chalkokondyles (p. 183-184, ed. Bonn) (1415 CE), (p. 319-320, ed. Bonn) (1443 CE), (p. 70, Grecu) (1446), (p. 345-346, ed. Bonn) (1446 CE), (p. 443, ed. Bonn) (1458). Short Chronicle 35 (p. 286, Schreiner, I) (1415 CE), 33 (p. 252, Schreiner, I) (1446 CE).
* Manuel II, The Letters of Manuel Palaeologus (p. 68, Dennis) (1415–1416 CE).
* Mazaris, Descent into Hades (p. 80-82, Buffalo (1415 CE).
* Cyriacus of Ancona, Cyriacus of Ancona and Athens (p. 168, Bodnar) (1436 CE). Pythian Oracle (p. 166-167, Bodnar) (1431–1446 CE).
* Pseudo-Phrantzes, Chronicum maius (p. 235, ed. Bonn) (1452 CE).
* Plutarch, Lives Agis and Cleomenes 20.1-21.4 (223 BCE),
* Aratus 43.1-44.4 (223 BCE). Polybius 2.52.1-53.6 (223 BCE).
* Diodorus Siculus 15.68.1-5 (369/368 BCE), 19.53.1-53.4 (316 BCE), 19.63.1-64.4 (315 BCE).
* Xenophon, Hellenica 6.5.49-52 (370 BCE), 7.1.15-22 (369 BCE).
* Herodotus 7.138-139 (480 BCE), 8.71-72 (480 BCE), 9.7-8 (480 BCE).
== Външни връзки ==
* [http://isthmia.osu.edu/site/fortress Разкопки на Хексамилиона, Държавен Университет Охайо]
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