Атом: Разлика между версии

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м Премахнати редакции на 109.160.17.38 (б.), към версия на Vodenbot
Етикет: Отмяна
м формат дати от англ. на български
Ред 248:
<ref name=liddell_scott_to_cut>{{cite web| last=Liddell| first=Henry George| coauthors=Robert Scott| title=τέμνω| work=A Greek-English Lexicon| publisher=Perseus Digital Library| url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dte%2Fmnw1| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=liddell_scott_uncuttable>{{cite web| last=Liddell| first=Henry George| coauthors=Robert Scott| title=ἄτομος| work=A Greek-English Lexicon| publisher=Perseus Digital Library| url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29%2Ftomos| accessdate=2010-06-21 юни 2010| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pratt20070928>{{cite web|last=Pratt|first=Vernon|date=September 28, 2007|title=The Mechanical Philosophy|url=http://www.vernonpratt.com/conceptualisations/d06bl2_1mechanical.htm|work=Reason, nature and the human being in the West|accessdate=2009-06-28 юни 2009| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=kemerling20020808>{{cite web|last=Kemerling|first=Garth|date=August 8, 2002|title=Corpuscularianism|url=http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/c9.htm|work=Philosophical Dictionary|accessdate=2009-06-17 юни 2009| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=lavoisier_eoc>{{cite web|title=Lavoisier's Elements of Chemistry|url=http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/EA/LAVPREFann.HTML|work=Elements and Atoms|publisher=Le Moyne College, Department of Chemistry|accessdate=2007-12-18 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pte20071101>{{cite web|url=http://www.iupac.org/fileadmin/user_upload/news/IUPAC_Periodic_Table-1Jun12.pdf|title=Periodic Table of the Elements|date=November 1, 2007|publisher=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry| format=PDF| |accessdate=2010-05-14 май 2010| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=adp322_8_549>{{cite journal|last=Einstein|first=Albert|year=1905|title=Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen|journal=Annalen der Physik |volume=322|issue=8|pages=549 – 560|url=http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1002/andp.19053220806|accessdate=4 февруари 2007-02-04|bibcode=1905AnP...322..549E| lang=de}}</ref>
 
<ref name=lee_hoon1995>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Y.K.|year=1995|coauthors=Hoon, K.|title=Brownian Motion|url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html|publisher=Imperial College |accessdate=2007-12-18 декември 2007| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071218061408/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_95/journal/vol4/ykl/report.html| archivedate=18 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=e31_2_50>{{cite journal|last=Patterson|first=G.|year=2007 |title=Jean Perrin and the triumph of the atomic doctrine|journal=Endeavour |volume=31|issue=2|pages=50 – 53|doi=10.1016/j.endeavour.2007.05.003|pmid=17602746| lang=en}}</ref>
Ред 266:
<ref name="thomson">{{cite journal|author=Thomson, J.J. |url=http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/thomson1897.html |title=Cathode rays|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=44|page=293|year=1897 |format=[facsimile from Stephen Wright, Classical Scientific Papers, Physics (Mills and Boon, 1964)]| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=nobel1096>{{cite web|year=1906|title=J.J. Thomson|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation |accessdate=2007-12-20 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=npc1921>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-bio.html|title=Frederick Soddy, The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 |publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-01-18 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=prsA_89_1_1913>{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rspa.1913.0057|last=Thomson|first=Joseph John|title=Rays of positive electricity|url=http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/canal.html|series=A|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society|year=1913|volume=89|issue=607|pages=1 – 20|bibcode=1913RSPSA..89....1T| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=stern20050516>{{cite web|last=Stern|first=David P.|date=May 16, 2005|title=The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom|url=http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm|publisher=NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center|accessdate=2007-12-20 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=bohr19221211>{{cite web|last=Bohr|first=Neils|date=11 December 1922|title=Niels Bohr, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922, Nobel Lecture|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-lecture.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-02-16 февруари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=jacs38_4_762>{{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Gilbert N.|year=1916|title=The Atom and the Molecule|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=38|issue=4|pages=762 – 786|doi=10.1021/ja02261a002| lang=en}}</ref>
Ред 282:
<ref name=fop17_6_575>{{cite journal|last=Scully|first=Marlan O. |coauthors=Lamb, Willis E.; Barut, Asim|year=1987|title=On the theory of the Stern-Gerlach apparatus|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=17|issue=6|pages=575 – 583|doi=10.1007/BF01882788|bibcode=1987FoPh...17..575S| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=brown2007>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Kevin|year=2007|url=http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath538/kmath538.htm|title=The Hydrogen Atom|publisher=MathPages|accessdate=2007-12-21 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=harrison2000>{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=David M.|year=2000|title=The Development of Quantum Mechanics|url=http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/DevelQM/DevelQM.html|publisher=University of Toronto|accessdate=2007-12-21 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pm39_6_449>{{cite journal|last=Aston|first=Francis W |year=1920|title=The constitution of atmospheric neon|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=39|issue=6|pages=449 – 55| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=chadwick1935>{{cite web|last=Chadwick|first=James|date=December 12, 1935|title=Nobel Lecture: The Neutron and Its Properties|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-lecture.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2007-12-21 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=hahn_meitner_strassmann>{{cite web|title=Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation |work=Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of the Chemical Sciences|url=http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and-nuclear-structure/hahn-meitner-strassman.aspx|accessdate=2009-09-15 септември 2009| lang=en
}}</ref>
 
<ref name=nature143_3615_239>{{cite journal |last=Meitner|first=Lise|last2=Frisch|first2=Otto Robert|year=1939|title=Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new type of nuclear reaction|journal=Nature|volume=143 |issue=3615 |pages=239 |doi=10.1038/143239a0 |bibcode=1939Natur.143..239M| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=schroeder>{{cite web|last=Schroeder |first=M |title=Lise Meitner – Zur 125. Wiederkehr Ihres Geburtstages|url=http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~mrs/Vortraege/Lise_Meitner-Vortrag-20031106/| accessdate=4 юни 2009-06-04| lang=de}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pt50_9_26>{{cite journal|last=Crawford |first=E.| year=1997|title=A Nobel tale of postwar injustice|url=http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=63212AN&q=A+Nobel+tale+of+postwar+injustice&uid=787269344&setcookie=yes|journal=[[Physics Today]]|volume=50|issue=9|pages=26 – 32|doi=10.1063/1.881933|last2=Sime|first2=Ruth Lewin|last3=Walker|first3=Mark |bibcode=1997PhT....50i..26C| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=kullander2001>{{cite web|last=Kullander|first=Sven|date=August 28, 2001|title=Accelerators and Nobel Laureates|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/kullander/|publisher=Nobel Foundation|accessdate=2008-01-31 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pdg2002>{{cite web|author=Particle Data Group|year=2002|url=http://www.particleadventure.org/|title=The Particle Adventure|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory|accessdate=3 януари 2007-01-03| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=schombert2006>{{cite web|first=James|last=Schombert|date=April 18, 2006|url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec07.html|title=Elementary Particles|publisher=University of Oregon|accessdate=3 януари 2007-01-03| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=wenner2007>{{cite web|last=Wenner|first=Jennifer M.|date=October 10, 2007|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/RadDecay.html|title=How Does Radioactive Decay Work?|publisher=Carleton College|accessdate=9 януари 2008-01-09| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name="raymond">{{cite web|last=Raymond|first=David|date=April 7, 2006|url=http://physics.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node216.html|title=Nuclear Binding Energies|publisher=New Mexico Tech|accessdate=3 януари 2007-01-03| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061211094439/http://www.physics.nmt.edu/~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node216.html| archivedate=December 11, 2006| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=mihos2002>{{cite web|last=Mihos|first=Chris|date=July 23, 2002|url=http://burro.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/StarPhys/coulomb.html|title=Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier|publisher=Case Western Reserve University|accessdate=2008-02-13 февруари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=lbnl20070330>{{cite web| date=March 30, 2007|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/Basic.html|title=ABC's of Nuclear Science|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory|accessdate=3 януари 2007-01-03| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=makhijani_saleska2001>{{cite web|first=Arjun|last=Makhijani|coauthors=Saleska, Scott|date=March 2, 2001|url=http://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/basics-nuclear-physics-fission/|title=Basics of Nuclear Physics and Fission|publisher=Institute for Energy and Environmental Research |accessdate=3 януари 2007-01-03| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=ajp63_7_653>{{cite journal|last=Fewell|first=M. P |title=The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy|journal=American Journal of Physics|year=1995|volume=63|issue=7 |pages=653 – 658|bibcode=1995AmJPh..63..653F |doi=10.1119/1.17828| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=manthey2001>{{cite web|last=Manthey|first=David|year=2001|url=http://www.orbitals.com/orb/|title=Atomic Orbitals|publisher=Orbital Central|accessdate=2008-01-21 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=matis2000>{{cite web|last=Matis|first=Howard S |date=August 9, 2000|url=http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html|title=The Isotopes of Hydrogen|work=Guide to the Nuclear Wall Chart|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab|accessdate=2007-12-21 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=weiss20061017>{{cite news|last=Weiss|first=Rick|date=October 17, 2006|title=Scientists Announce Creation of Atomic Element, the Heaviest Yet|publisher=Washington Post|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/16/AR2006101601083.html|accessdate=2007-12-21 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=dume20030423>{{cite news|last=Dumé|first=Belle|date=April 23, 2003|title=Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay|publisher=[[Physics World]]|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2003/apr/23/bismuth-breaks-half-life-record-for-alpha-decay|accessdate=2007-12-21 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=lidsay20000730>{{cite web|last=Lindsay|first=Don|date=July 30, 2000|url=http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html|title=Radioactives Missing From The Earth|publisher=Don Lindsay Archive|accessdate=2007-05-23 май 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=tuli2005>{{cite web|first=Jagdish K.|last=Tuli|month=April|year=2005|title=Nuclear Wallet Cards|publisher=National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory|url=http://nucleus.iaea.org/CIR/CIR/NuclearWalletCards.html| accessdate=2011-04-16 април 2011| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=chieh2001>{{cite web|last=Chieh|first=Chung |date=January 22, 2001|url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/nuctek/nuclideunstable.html|title=Nuclide Stability |publisher=University of Waterloo |accessdate=4 януари 2007-01-04| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=nist_wc>{{cite web|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some|title=Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements|publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology|accessdate=4 януари 2007-01-04| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=audi2003>{{cite journal |last=Audi|first=G. |title=The Ame2003 atomic mass evaluation (II) |journal=Nuclear Physics A |year=2003|volume=729|issue=1|pages=337 – 676|url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/web/masseval.html |accessdate=7 февруари 2008-02-07 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003|bibcode=2003NuPhA.729..337A| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=aca32_5_751>{{cite journal|last=Shannon|first=R. D. |title=Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides|journal=Acta Crystallographica A|year=1976|volume=32 |issue=5 |page=751|doi=10.1107/S0567739476001551|bibcode=1976AcCrA..32..751S| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=dong1998>{{cite web|last=Dong|first=Judy|year=1998 |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/MichaelPhillip.shtml|title=Diameter of an Atom|publisher=The Physics Factbook|accessdate=2007-11-19 ноември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=adp5f_3_133>{{cite journal|last=Bethe |first=H| authorlink=Ханс Бете |title=Termaufspaltung in Kristallen|journal=Annalen der Physik, 5. Folge|year=1929|volume=3 |page=133| lang=de}}</ref>
Ред 343:
<ref name=pssb245_9_1858>{{cite journal|last=Birkholz|first=M.|coauthors=Rudert, R.|title=Interatomic distances in pyrite-structure disulfides – a case for ellipsoidal modeling of sulfur ions|journal=Physica status solidi b|year=2008|volume=245|issue=9|page=1858|url=http://www.mariobirkholz.de/pssb2008.pdf|doi=10.1002/pssb.200879532|bibcode=2008PSSBR.245.1858B| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=osu2007>{{cite web| year=2007|url=http://oregonstate.edu/terra/2007/02/small-miracles/|title=Small Miracles: Harnessing nanotechnology|publisher=Oregon State University |accessdate=7 януари 2007-01-07| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=splung>{{cite web |url=http://www.splung.com/content/sid/5/page/radioactivity |title=Radioactivity |publisher=Splung.com |accessdate=2007-12-19 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=firestone20000522>{{cite web |last=Firestone|first=Richard B.|date=May 22, 2000 |url=http://isotopes.lbl.gov/education/decmode.html |title=Radioactive Decay Modes |publisher=Berkeley Laboratory |accessdate=7 януари 2007-01-07| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=hornak2006>{{cite web |last=Hornak|first=J. P.|year=2006 |url=http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/chap-3/chap-3.htm |title=Chapter 3: Spin Physics|work=The Basics of NMR |publisher=Rochester Institute of Technology |accessdate=7 януари 2007-01-07| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=schroederP>{{cite web |last=Schroeder|first=Paul A. |date=February 25, 2000 |url=http://www.gly.uga.edu/schroeder/geol3010/magnetics.html |title=Magnetic Properties |publisher=University of Georgia |accessdate=7 януари 2007-01-07 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070429150216/http://www.gly.uga.edu/schroeder/geol3010/magnetics.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2007-04-29| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=goebel20070901>{{cite web |last=Goebel|first=Greg |date=September 1, 2007 |url=http://www.vectorsite.net/tpqm_04.html |title=[4.3] Magnetic Properties of the Atom |work=Elementary Quantum Physics |publisher=In The Public Domain website |accessdate=7 януари 2007-01-07| lang=en}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=martin2007>{{cite web |last=Martin|first=W. C. |coauthors=Wiese, W. L.|month=May|year=2007 |url=http://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/atspec/index.cfm |title=Atomic Spectroscopy: A Compendium of Basic Ideas, Notation, Data, and Formulas |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |accessdate=8 януари 2007-01-08| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=avogadro>{{cite web |url=http://www.avogadro.co.uk/light/bohr/spectra.htm |title=Atomic Emission Spectra – Origin of Spectral Lines |publisher=Avogadro Web Site |accessdate=2006-08-10 август 2006| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=fitzpatrick20070216>{{cite web |last=Fitzpatrick|first=Richard |date=February 16, 2007 |url=http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/qm/lectures/node55.html |title=Fine structure |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |accessdate=2008-02-14 февруари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=weiss2001>{{cite web |last=Weiss|first=Michael|year=2001 |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/spin/node8.html |title=The Zeeman Effect |publisher=University of California-Riverside |accessdate=6 февруари 2008-02-06| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=watkins_sjsu>{{cite web |last=Watkins |first=Thayer |url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/stimem.htm |title=Coherence in Stimulated Emission |publisher=San José State University |accessdate=2007-12-23 декември 2007| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=reusch20070716>{{cite web |last=Reusch|first=William|date=July 16, 2007 |url=http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro1.htm |title=Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry |publisher=Michigan State University |accessdate=2008-01-11 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=chemguide>{{cite web |url=http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/covalent.html |title=Covalent bonding – Single bonds |publisher=chemguide |year=2000| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=husted20031211>{{cite web |last=Husted| first=Robert| coauthors=''et al''|date=December 11, 2003 |url=http://periodic.lanl.gov/index.shtml |title=Periodic Table of the Elements |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |accessdate=2008-01-11 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=baum2003>{{cite web |first=Rudy|last=Baum|year=2003 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/elements.html |title=It's Elemental: The Periodic Table |publisher=Chemical & Engineering News |accessdate=2008-01-11 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pu49_7_719>{{cite journal |last=Brazhkin|first=Vadim V. |title=Metastable phases, phase transformations, and phase diagrams in physics and chemistry |journal=Physics-Uspekhi |year=2006|volume=49 |issue=7|pages=719 – 24 |doi=10.1070/PU2006v049n07ABEH006013 |bibcode=2006PhyU...49..719B| lang=en}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=hinshaw20060210>{{cite web |last=Hinshaw|first=Gary |date=February 10, 2006 |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101matter.html |title=What is the Universe Made Of? |publisher=NASA/WMAP|accessdate=7 януари 2008-01-07| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071231143948/http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101matter.html| archivedate=31 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=ns1794_42>{{cite journal |last=Croswell|first=Ken |title=Boron, bumps and the Big Bang: Was matter spread evenly when the Universe began? Perhaps not; the clues lie in the creation of the lighter elements such as boron and beryllium |journal=New Scientist|year=1991|issue=1794|pages=42 |url=http://space.newscientist.com/article/mg13217944.700-boron-bumps-and-the-big-bang-was-matter-spread-evenly-whenthe-universe-began-perhaps-not-the-clues-lie-in-the-creation-of-thelighter-elements-such-as-boron-and-beryllium.html |accessdate=2008-01-14 януари 2008| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080207065342/http://space.newscientist.com/article/mg13217944.700-boron-bumps-and-the-big-bang-was-matter-spread-evenly-whenthe-universe-began-perhaps-not-the-clues-lie-in-the-creation-of-thelighter-elements-such-as-boron-and-beryllium.html| archivedate=7 February 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
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<ref name=hinshaw20051215>{{cite web |last=Hinshaw|first=Gary|date=December 15, 2005 |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest2.html |title=Tests of the Big Bang: The Light Elements |publisher=NASA/WMAP|accessdate=2008-01-13 януари 2008| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080117021252/http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest2.html| archivedate=17 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=abbott20070530>{{cite web |last=Abbott|first=Brian|date=May 30, 2007 |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php |title=Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey |publisher=Hayden Planetarium|accessdate=2008-01-13 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=mnras106_343>{{cite journal |title=The synthesis of the elements from hydrogen |first=F. |last=Hoyle |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=106|pages=343 – 83|year=1946 |bibcode=1946MNRAS.106..343H| lang=en}}</ref>
Ред 399:
<ref name=nature405_656>{{cite journal |last=Knauth|first=D. C. |title=Newly synthesized lithium in the interstellar medium |journal=Nature |year=2000|volume=405|pages=656 – 58 |doi=10.1038/35015028 |last2=Knauth|first2=D. C. |last3=Lambert|first3=David L. |last4=Crane|first4=P. |pmid=10864316 |issue=6787| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=mashnik2000>{{cite web| last=Mashnik| first=Stepan G| year=2000| url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0008382| title=On Solar System and Cosmic Rays Nucleosynthesis and Spallation Processes| work=arxiv.org| publisher=arxiv.org| accessdate=2013-01-11 януари 2013| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=kgs20050504>{{cite web |author=Kansas Geological Survey |date=May 4, 2005 |title=Age of the Earth |url=http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Extension/geotopics/earth_age.html |publisher=University of Kansas |accessdate=2008-01-14 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=gs190_1_205>{{cite journal |last=Dalrymple|first=G. Brent |title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |year=2001|volume=190 |issue=1|pages=205 – 21 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 |url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/190/1/205.abstract |accessdate=2008-01-14 януари 2008|bibcode=2001GSLSP.190..205D| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=anderson_foulger_meibom2006>{{cite web |last=Anderson|first=Don L. |coauthors=Foulger, G. R.; Meibom, Anders |date=September 2, 2006 |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/HeliumFundamentals.html |title=Helium: Fundamental models |publisher=MantlePlumes.org|accessdate=2007-01-14 януари 2007| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070208194933/http://www.mantleplumes.org/HeliumFundamentals.html| archivedate=8 February 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pennicott2001>{{cite news |last=Pennicott|first=Katie|date=May 10, 2001 |title=Carbon clock could show the wrong time |publisher=PhysicsWeb |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2676 |accessdate=2008-01-14 януари 2008| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071215103132/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2676| archivedate=15 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=yarris2001>{{cite news |last=Yarris |first=Lynn |date=July 27, 2001 |title=New Superheavy Elements 118 and 116 Discovered at Berkeley Lab |publisher=Berkeley Lab |url=http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/elements-116-118.html |accessdate=2008-01-14 януари 2008| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080109103538/http://enews.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/elements-116-118.html| archivedate=9 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pr119_6_2000>{{cite journal |author=Diamond, H |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=1960 |title=Heavy Isotope Abundances in Mike Thermonuclear Device |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=119 |issue=6 |pages=2000 – 04 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.119.2000 |bibcode=1960PhRv..119.2000D| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=poston1998>{{cite web |author=Poston Sr., John W.|date=March 23, 1998 |title=Do transuranic elements such as plutonium ever occur naturally? |publisher=Scientific American |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=do-transuranic-elements-s |accessdate=2008-01-15 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=cz97_10_522>{{cite journal |last=Keller|first=C |title=Natural occurrence of lanthanides, actinides, and superheavy elements |journal=Chemiker Zeitung |year=1973|volume=97|issue=10|pages=522 – 30 |osti=4353086| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=ofr_cut>{{cite web |url=http://www.oklo.curtin.edu.au/index.cfm |title=Oklo Fossil Reactors |publisher=Curtin University of Technology |accessdate=2008-01-15 януари 2008| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071218194159/http://www.oklo.curtin.edu.au/index.cfm| archivedate=18 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=weisenberger>{{cite web |last=Weisenberger|first=Drew |url=http://education.jlab.org/qa/mathatom_05.html |title=How many atoms are there in the world? |publisher=Jefferson Lab |accessdate=2008-01-16 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pidwirnyf>{{cite web |last=Pidwirny|first=Michael |url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/contents.html |title=Fundamentals of Physical Geography |publisher=University of British Columbia Okanagan |accessdate=2008-01-16 януари 2008| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080121080709/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/contents.html| archivedate=21 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pnas99_22_13966>{{cite journal |last=Anderson|first=Don L |title=The inner inner core of Earth |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |year=2002|volume=99|issue=22|pages=13966 – 68 |doi=10.1073/pnas.232565899 |pmid=12391308 |pmc=137819|bibcode=2002PNAS...9913966A| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=cern28509>{{cite journal |title=Second postcard from the island of stability |journal=CERN Courier |date=October 2, 2001 |url=http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28509 |accessdate=2008-01-14 януари 2008| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080203031237/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28509| archivedate=3 February 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=cen84_10_19>{{cite journal |last=Jacoby|first=Mitch |title=As-yet-unsynthesized superheavy atom should form a stable diatomic molecule with fluorine |journal=Chemical & Engineering News |year=2006|volume=84|issue=10|pages=19| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=koppes1999>{{cite news |last=Koppes|first=Steve|date=March 1, 1999 |title=Fermilab Physicists Find New Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry |publisher=University of Chicago |url=http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/99/990301.ktev.shtml |accessdate=2008-01-14 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=cromie20010816>{{cite news |last=Cromie|first=William J.|date=August 16, 2001 |title=A lifetime of trillionths of a second: Scientists explore antimatter |publisher=Harvard University Gazette |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/08.16/antimatter.html |accessdate=2008-01-14 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=nature419_6906_439>{{cite journal |last=Hijmans|first=Tom W. |title=Particle physics: Cold antihydrogen |journal=Nature |year=2002|volume=419 |pages=439 – 40|doi=10.1038/419439a |pmid=12368837 |issue=6906| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=BBC20021030>{{cite news |date=October 30, 2002 |title=Researchers 'look inside' antimatter|publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2375717.stm |accessdate=2008-01-14 януари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=ns1728_77>{{cite journal |last=Barrett|first=Roger |title=The Strange World of the Exotic Atom |journal=New Scientist |year=1990|issue=1728|pages=77 – 115 |url=http://media.newscientist.com/article/mg12717284.600-the-strange-world-of-the-exotic-atom-physicists-can-nowmake-atoms-and-molecules-containing-negative-particles-other-than-electronsand-use-them-not-just-to-test-theories-but-also-to-fight-cancer-.html |accessdate=4 януари 2008-01-04| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071221164440/http://media.newscientist.com/article/mg12717284.600-the-strange-world-of-the-exotic-atom-physicists-can-nowmake-atoms-and-molecules-containing-negative-particles-other-than-electronsand-use-them-not-just-to-test-theories-but-also-to-fight-cancer-.html| archivedate=21 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=psT112_1_20>{{cite journal |last=Indelicato|first=Paul |title=Exotic Atoms|journal=Physica Scripta |year=2004|volume=T112 |issue=1|pages=20 – 26 |doi=10.1238/Physica.Topical.112a00020 |arxiv=physics/0409058 |bibcode=2004PhST..112...20I| lang=en}}</ref>
 
<ref name=ripin1998>{{cite web |last=Ripin|first=Barrett H.|month=July|year=1998 |url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/199807/experiment.cfm |title=Recent Experiments on Exotic Atoms |publisher=American Physical Society |accessdate=2008-02-15 февруари 2008| lang=en}}</ref>
 
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Ред 452:
* {{cite book |last=L'Annunziata |first=Michael F. |year=2003|title=Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis |publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-436603-1 |oclc=16212955|lang=en}}
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* {{cite web| last=Brucat| first=Philip J| year=2008| url=http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_10.html| title=The Quantum Atom| publisher=University of Florida| accessdate=4 януари 2007-01-04|lang=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Beyer| first=H. F.|coauthors=Shevelko, V. P. |year=2003 |title=Introduction to the Physics of Highly Charged Ions |publisher=CRC Press| isbn=0-7503-0481-2 |oclc=47150433| lang=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Choppin|first=Gregory R. |last2=Liljenzin |first2=Jan-Olov |last3=Rydberg|first3=Jan |year=2001| title=Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry |publisher=Elsevier|isbn=0-7506-7463-6
Ред 479:
* {{cite book |last=Pfeffer|first=Jeremy I. |coauthor=Nir, Shlomo|year=2000 |title=Modern Physics: An Introductory Text| publisher=Imperial College Press|isbn=1-86094-250-4 |oclc=45900880|lang=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Ponomarev|first=Leonid Ivanovich|year=1993 |title=The Quantum Dice|publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0-7503-0251-8| oclc=26853108|lang=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Roscoe|first=Henry Enfield|year=1895 |title=John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry| series=Century science series |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FJMEAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=3 април 2011-04-03|publisher=Macmillan| location=New York|lang=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Scerri|first=Eric R. |title=The periodic table: its story and its significance |publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2007 |isbn=0-19-530573-6|lang=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Shultis|first=J. Kenneth|coauthors=Richard E. Faw |title=Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering| year=2002|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-8247-0834-2 |oclc=123346507|lang=en}}
Ред 489:
* {{cite book |last=Wurtz|first=Charles Adolphe|year=1881 |title=The Atomic Theory |publisher=D. Appleton and company |location=New York |isbn=0-559-43636-X|lang=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Zaider|first=Marco|coauthors=Harald H. Rossi|year=2001 |title=Radiation Science for Physicians and Public Health Workers |publisher=Springer|isbn=0-306-46403-9 |oclc=44110319|lang=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Zumdahl|first=Steven S.|year=2002 |title=Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation |edition=5th| publisher=Houghton Mifflin |accessdate=5 февруари 2008-02-05|isbn=0-618-34342-3 |oclc=173081482|lang=en}}
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